《茶之书》I.The Cup of Humanity 人性之碗

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《茶之书》I.The Cup of Humanity 人性之碗

2023-04-11 15:01| 来源: 网络整理| 查看: 265

第一章 人性之碗

I.The Cup of Humanity

茶,最初用作药材,后演变为饮品。在八世纪的中国,茶作为一种雅趣进入了诗的国度。十五世纪,日本将其升华为一种美学的信仰——茶道。茶道是基于崇尚日常琐事之美的一种仪式。它教导我们纯粹与和谐、宽容互爱的奥秘,以及社会秩序中的浪漫主义。茶道的本质是对不完美的崇拜,它是在难以成就的人生中对于有所成就的温良期许。

Tea began as a medicine and grew into a beverage. In China, in the eighth century, it entered the realm of poetry as one of the polite amusements. The fifteenth century saw Japan ennoble it into a religion of aestheticism--Teaism. Teaism is a cult founded on the adoration of the beautiful among the sordid facts of everyday existence. It inculcates purity and harmony, the mystery of mutual charity, the romanticism of the social order. It is essentially a worship of the Imperfect, as it is a tender attempt to accomplish something possible in this impossible thing we know as life.

“茶的哲学”并不仅止于通常认为的审美主义,它还表达了融合伦理、宗教在内的我们对人与自然的全部见解。茶道是卫生学,因其力求洁净。它是经济学,因为它展现的是简素的而非纷繁奢华的欢悦。它亦是道德几何学,界定了我们对于宇宙的比例感。通过将其信奉者塑造为品味的贵族,它代表了东方的民主精神。

The Philosophy of Tea is not mere aestheticism in the ordinary acceptance of the term, for it expresses conjointly with ethics and religion our whole point of view about man and nature. It is hygiene, for it enforces cleanliness; it is economics, for it shows comfort in simplicity rather than in the complex and costly; it is moral geometry , in as much as it defines our sense of proportion to the universe. It represents the true spirit of Eastern democracy by making all its votaries aristocrats in taste.

日本与世界的长期隔绝 ,不仅有助于内省,也极有益于茶道的发展。我们的住宅、习俗、服饰、饮食、瓷器、漆器、绘画乃至文学,无一不受益于茶道的影响。日本文化的研习者决不能忽视它的存在。它不但弥漫于优雅高贵的闺房,也渗入寻常百姓的陋室。我们的农夫也懂得插花,最卑微的苦力也景仰山水。在我们的习语中,说一个人身上“没茶气”,意指他在如戏的人生中对亦庄亦谐的意趣无动于衷。而对于那些无视世间悲剧、纵情放浪的唯美主义者,我们则责难他“茶气过重”。

The long isolation of Japan from the rest of the world, so conducive to introspection, has been highly favorable to the development of Teaism. Our home and habits, costume and cuisine, porcelain, lacquer, painting--our very literature--all have been subject to its influence. No student of Japanese culture could ever ignore its presence. It has permeated the elegance of noble boudoirs, and entered the abode of the humble. Our peasants have learned to arrange flowers, our meanest laborer to offer his salutation to the rocks and waters. In our common parlance we speak of the man "with no tea" in him, when he is insusceptible to the serio-comic interests of the personal drama. Again we stigmatize the untamed aesthete who, regardless of the mundane tragedy, runs riot in the springtide of emancipated emotions, as one "with too much tea" in him.

或许外人会诧异于这似乎是小题大做。他会说:“茶碗之中安有如此风浪!”但倘若我们想到人生乐趣之碗竟如此之小,潸然垂泪何其之速,在对无限的情难自禁的渴求中饮尽这盏中残渣又何其之易,我们便无需自责于为茶碗大做文章了。人类早已做过更坏的事情:在对酒神的崇拜中我们的献祭无以计数;我们还美化了战神的血腥形象。那么,为何不能献身于茶花女王,沉醉于她圣坛中流淌的同情心的暖流呢?在象牙色瓷器盛出的琥珀浆汁里,茶的初学者将品尝到孔子的温柔缄默、老子的犀利畅快和佛陀的空灵芳香 。

The outsider may indeed wonder at this seeming much ado about nothing. What a tempest in a tea-cup! He will say. But when we consider how small after all the cup of human enjoyment is, how soon overflowed with tears, how easily drained to the dregs in our quenchless thirst for infinity, we shall not blame ourselves for making so much of the tea-cup. Mankind has done worse. In the worship of Bacchus, we have sacrificed too freely; and we have even transfigured the gory image of Mars. Why not consecrate ourselves to the queen of the Camellias, and revel in the warm stream of sympathy that flows from her altar? In the liquid amber within the ivory-porcelain, the initiated may touch the sweet reticence of Confucius, the piquancy of Lao-tzu, and the ethereal aroma of Sakyamuni himself.

不能见自身伟大处之渺小者,亦难能见他人渺小处之伟大。茶道在那些自鸣得意的西方人眼中,不过是东方一千零一种离奇幼稚怪癖中之一例。当日本沉浸于祥和的优雅艺术中时,西方人视之为蛮夷;当日本在满洲战场上大肆杀戮时 ,他们却称其为开化。近来有大量关于武士道的评论——那是教导我们战士勇于献身的死的艺术;但却鲜有人关注茶道这一充分代表我们的生活艺术。倘若我们自诩的文明需筑就于可憎的战争荣耀,那我们情愿依旧做野蛮人,并欣然等待直至我们的艺术和理想获得应得的尊敬。

Those who cannot feel the littleness of great things in themselves are apt to overlook the greatness of little things in others. The average Westerner, in his sleek complacency, will see in the tea ceremony but another instance of the thousand and one oddities which constitute the quaintness and childishness of the East to him. He was wont to regard Japan as barbarous while she indulged in the gentle arts of peace: he calls her civilized since she began to commit wholesale slaughter on Manchurian battlefields. Much comment has been given lately to the Code of the Samurai, the Art of Death which makes our soldiers exult in self-sacrifices; but scarcely any attention has been drawn to Teaism, which represents so much of our Art of Life. Fain would we remain barbarians, if our claim to civilization were to be based on the gruesome glory of war. Fain would we await the time when due respect shall be paid to our art and ideals.

何时西方才会理解,抑或尝试去理解东方?我们亚洲人常常诧异于围绕我们的交织着事实与虚构的幻网。倘若不被描述为以老鼠和蟑螂为食,我们也是靠吸食荷花的香气维生;不是软弱的迷信,就是卑劣的淫逸。印度的灵性被讥笑为无知,中国的质朴乃是愚钝,日本的爱国主义则是宿命论的结果。还有传言说,我们由于神经组织麻木而感受不到伤痛!

When will the West understand, or try to understand, the East? We Asiatic are often appalled by the curious web of facts and fancies which has been woven concerning us. We are pictured as living on the perfume of the lotus, if not on mice and cockroaches. It is either impotent fanaticism or else abject voluptuousness. Indian spirituality has been derided as ignorance, Chinese sobriety as stupidity, Japanese patriotism as the result of fatalism. It has been said that we are less sensible to pain and wounds on account of the callousness of our nervous organization!

为何不拿我们取乐呢?亚洲也会以礼还礼。如果知道我们是如何想象和描述你们的,你们欢乐的素材就更多了——诸如对透视法的迷恋,对奇观的盲目膜拜,对新生事物无声的愤恨。你们应具备的美德太过高尚而无法企及,你们所犯下的罪行太过华丽而难以指摘。昔日博学睿智的作家告诉我们,你们在衣裳之下隐藏着毛茸茸的尾巴,还经常烹煮新生儿为食!还有比这些更糟糕的呢:我们一向认为你们是世界上最言行不一的人,因为你们从不践行自己宣扬的教义。

Why not amuse yourselves at our expense? Asia returns the compliment. There would be further food for merriment if you were to know all that we have imagined and written about you. All the glamour of the perspective is there, all the unconscious homage of wonder, all the silent resentment of the new and undefined. You have been loaded with virtues too refined to be envied, and accused of crimes too picturesque to be condemned. Our writers in the past--the wise men who knew--informed us that you had bushy tails somewhere hidden in your garments, and often dined off a fricassee of newborn babes! Nay, we had something worse against you: we used to think you the most impracticable people on the earth, for you were said to preach what you never practiced.

东西方之间的误解正快速地消弭。贸易使欧洲的语言通行于东方的港口。亚洲青年纷纷涌向西方学府去接受现代教育。尽管我们尚未透彻地领会你们的文化,但至少我们愿意学习。我们某些同胞甚至接纳了太多你们的习俗和礼仪,以为穿戴上礼帽和硬领就等同于得到了你们的文明。这种矫揉造作着实可悲可叹,它表明我们不惜以膝行去亲近西方。不幸的是,西方人的态度却无益于理解东方。传教士们前来施与而非吸纳。你们的资讯若非源于旅人们靠不住的奇闻轶事,便是基于对我们浩瀚典籍匮乏的翻译。而像小泉八云或者《印度生活之脉络》的作者那样,执狭义之笔用我们情感的火炬照亮东方黑暗之举着实罕见。

Such misconceptions are fast vanishing amongst us. Commerce has forced the European tongues on many an Eastern port. Asiatic youths are flocking to Western colleges for the equipment of modern education. Our insight does not penetrate your culture deeply, but at least we are willing to learn. Some of my compatriots have adopted too much of your customs and too much of your etiquette, in the delusion that the acquisition of stiff collars and tall silk hats comprised the attainment of your civilization. Pathetic and deplorable as such affectations are, they evince our willingness to approach the West on our knees. Unfortunately the Western attitude is unfavorable to the understanding of the East. The Christian missionary goes to impart, but not to receive. Your information is based on the meager translations of our immense literature, if not on the unreliable anecdotes of passing travelers. It is rarely that the chivalrous pen of a Lafcadio Hearn or that of the author of The Web of Indian Life enlivens the Oriental darkness with the torch of our own sentiments.

或许如此直言不讳,正暴露了我对于茶道的无知。优雅之精髓要求人言止于其所当言。但我并不打算做一个高雅的茶人。新旧世界间的误解早已造成了太多伤害,那么我亦不必为以微薄之力促进理解而谢罪。若二十世纪初俄国肯屈尊对日本多做理解,血腥的战争景象就可以避免。对东方问题的傲慢地无视,给人类带来了多么惨烈的后果!大肆高呼“黄祸”这一荒唐口号的欧洲帝国主义,万万没想到亚洲也会觉醒于“白祸”的残酷景象。你们可以嘲笑我们“茶气太重”,难道我们就不会怀疑西方人的天性中“没有茶气”么?

Perhaps I betray my own ignorance of the Tea Cult by being so outspoken. Its very spirit of politeness exacts that you say what you are expected to say, and no more. But I am not to be a polite Teaist. So much harm has been done already by the mutual misunderstanding of the New World and the Old, that one need not apologize for contributing his tithe to the furtherance of a better understanding. The beginning of the twentieth century would have been spared the spectacle of sanguinary warfare if Russia had condescended to know Japan better. What dire consequences to humanity lie in the contemptuous ignoring of Eastern problems! European imperialism, which does not disdain to raise the absurd cry of the Yellow Peril, fails to realize that Asia may also awaken to the cruel sense of the White Disaster. You may laugh at us for having "too much tea," but may we not suspect that you of the West have "no tea" in your constitution?

让我们停止相互嘲讽吧。两半球的共同利益纵不能令我们更加明智,也当汲取教训。我们沿不同的道路发展而来,但没有理由不能取长补短。你们以动荡为代价赢得了扩张,我们则造就了软弱可欺的和谐。你们相信吗?——在某些方面,东方确实胜过西方!

Let us stop the continents from hurling epigrams at each other, and be sadder if not wiser by the mutual gain of half a hemisphere. We have developed along different lines, but there is no reason why one should not supplement the other. You have gained expansion at the cost of restlessness; we have created a harmony which is weak against aggression. Will you believe it?--the East is better off in some respects than the West!

不可思议的是,人性于茶碗中悄然交汇。茶道是唯一赢得举世尊重的亚洲仪式。白人嘲笑我们的宗教和道德,但却毫不迟疑地接受了这种褐色的饮料。下午茶已是当今西方社会中重要的社交活动。在碟盏碰撞的清脆声音中,在好客主妇衣袂的窸窣作响中,在加奶还是加糖的寻常客套中,我们知道对茶的崇拜已毫无疑问地确立了。面对未知滋味的茶汤,宾客展现了对前方命运的达观顺从,此举已然彰显了东方精神的无上。

Strangely enough humanity has so far met in the tea-cup. It is the only Asiatic ceremonial which commands universal esteem. The white man has scoffed at our religion and our morals, but has accepted the brown beverage without hesitation. The afternoon tea is now an important function in Western society. In the delicate clatter of trays and saucers, in the soft rustle of feminine hospitality, in the common catechism about cream and sugar, we know that the Worship of Tea is established beyond question. The philosophic resignation of the guest to the fate awaiting him in the dubious decoction proclaims that in this single instance the Oriental spirit reigns supreme.

据称欧洲有关茶最早记载,见诸一位阿拉伯旅行者的陈述:自879年以来广东最主要的财政收入来自盐税和茶税。马可·波罗记录了1285年中国一位财政大员因擅自提高茶税而遭罢免之事 。欧洲人对远东的进一步了解始于地理大发现时期。十六世纪末,荷兰人带回一条新闻:在东方有一种以灌木叶子调制的可口饮料。旅行家乔瓦尼·巴蒂斯塔·赖麦锡(1559)、L.阿尔梅达(1576)、马菲诺(1588)和塔雷拉(1610)等人也提到了茶。同在1610年,荷兰东印度公司的商船首次将茶叶带入欧洲。茶在1636年被法国知晓,1638年传到俄国。1650年英国也迎来了茶叶,并称它是“绝妙的、被所有医生推荐的中国饮料,中国人名之曰茶,其他国家则称其为Tay或者Tee。”

The earliest record of tea in European writing is said to be found in the statement of an Arabian traveler, that after the year 879 the main sources of revenue in Canton were the duties on salt and tea. Marco Polo records the deposition of a Chinese minister of finance in 1285 for his arbitrary augmentation of the tea-taxes. It was at the period of the great discoveries that the European people began to know more about the extreme Orient. At the end of the sixteenth century the Hollanders brought the news that a pleasant drink was made in the East from the leaves of a bush. The travelers Giovanni Batista Ramusio (1559), L. Almeida (1576), Maffeno (1588), Tareira (1610), also mentioned tea. In the last-named year ships of the Dutch East India Company brought the first tea into Europe. It was known in France in 1636, and reached Russia in 1638. England welcomed it in 1650 and spoke of it as "That excellent and by all physicians approved China drink, called by the Chineans Tcha, and by other nations Tay, alias Tee. "

恰如世间一切美好的事物,茶的传播也曾遭遇抵制。诸如亨利·萨维尔(1678)等反对者抨击饮茶是一种肮脏的习俗。乔纳斯·汉威(《茶的随笔 》,1756)说喝茶损害了男性的身高和英气,令女性失去美貌。起初,昂贵的茶价(每磅五六先令)阻却了大众消费,使茶成为“皇室高贵的款待和消遣,馈赠王公贵族的礼品”。尽管有诸多阻碍,饮茶还是以惊人的速度风靡开来。十八世纪上半叶,伦敦的咖啡馆事实上变成了茶楼,艾迪生、斯梯尔等才俊常在茶盘上消磨时光。这种饮料旋即成为生活的必需品——也事关课税。这一点让我们想起茶曾在近代历史中扮演了何其关键的角色。北美殖民地屈压迫的历史,止于繁重的茶税压垮了民众的忍耐。美国的独立运动始于将茶箱投入波士顿港湾。

Like all good things of the world, the propaganda of Tea met with opposition. Heretics like Henry Saville (1678) denounced drinking it as a filthy custom. Jonas Hanway (Essay on Tea, 1756) said that men seemed to lose their stature and comeliness, women their beauty through the use of tea. Its cost at the start (about fifteen or sixteen shillings a pound) forbade popular consumption, and made it "regalia for high treatments and entertainments, presents being made thereof to princes and grandees." Yet in spite of such drawbacks tea-drinking spread with marvelous rapidity. The coffee-houses of London in the early half of the eighteenth century became, in fact, tea-houses, the resort of wits like Addison and Steele , who beguiled themselves over their "dish of tea." The beverage soon became a necessity of life--a taxable matter. We are reminded in this connection what an important part it plays in modern history. Colonial America resigned herself to oppression until human endurance gave way before the heavy duties laid on Tea. American independence dates from the throwing of tea-chests into Boston harbor .

茶汤的味道中有一种微妙的魅力,这使它变得难以抵御,并容易被理想化。西方的幽默作家很快就将他们思想的芬芳和茶香融为了一体。茶没有葡萄酒的高傲,没有咖啡的自我,也没有可可的故作天真。早在1711年,《旁观者》杂志称:“我将此个人观点郑重地推荐给所有起居有常的家庭:在清晨留出一个小时来享用茶、黄油和面包;并诚挚地建议他们订阅这份有益的刊物,并将其视为茶具的一部分按时备好。”塞缪尔·约翰逊将自己的形像描述为“一个顽固且恬不知耻的茶客,他二十年来只用这迷人的植物浸汁来佐餐;他以茶消磨黄昏,以茶慰藉午夜,以茶迎接黎明。”

There is a subtle charm in the taste of tea which makes it irresistible and capable of idealization. Western humorists were not slow to mingle the fragrance of their thought with its aroma. It has not the arrogance of wine, the self-consciousness of coffee, nor the simpering innocence of cocoa. Already in 1711, says the Spectator : "I would therefore in a particular manner recommend these my speculations to all well-regulated families that set apart an hour every morning for tea, bread and butter; and would earnestly advise them for their good to order this paper to be punctually served up and to be looked upon as a part of the tea-equipage." Samuel Johnson draws his own portrait as "a hardened and shameless tea drinker, who for twenty years diluted his meals with only the infusion of the fascinating plant; who with tea amused the evening, with tea solaced the midnight, and with tea welcomed the morning."

查尔斯·兰姆,自诩为爱茶客,曾写到他所知的最大的喜悦乃是暗中行善,并在偶然中被人发现,这正道出了茶道的真谛。茶道便是这样的艺术:它隐藏着尚待你发现的美,暗示着你羞于启齿的东西。它是平静而彻底自嘲的高尚奥秘,因此它即是幽默本身,是哲思的微笑。在这个意义上,所有真正的诙谐者皆可被称作茶哲——如萨克雷,当然还有莎士比亚。颓废派诗人(这世界何时不颓废呢?)对写实主义的反对,某种程度上也开启了通向茶道之路。或许今日正因我们对“不完美”的娴静沉思,令东西方可以在彼此慰藉中融合。

Charles Lamb , a professed devotee, sounded the true note of Teaism when he wrote that the greatest pleasure he knew was to do a good action by stealth, and to have it found out by accident. For Teaism is the art of concealing beauty that you may discover it, of suggesting what you dare not reveal. It is the noble secret of laughing at yourself, calmly yet thoroughly, and is thus humor itself,--the smile of philosophy. All genuine humorists may in this sense be called tea-philosophers,--Thackeray , for instance, and of course, Shakespeare. The poets of the Decadence (when was not the world in decadence?), in their protests against materialism , have, to a certain extent, also opened the way to Teaism. Perhaps nowadays it is our demure contemplation of the Imperfect that the West and the East can meet in mutual consolation.

道家说,在太始分化之际,“灵”与“物”殊死相搏。最终,天庭的日神黄帝战败了黑暗与大地的邪神祝融。在垂死的剧痛中,巨人以头撞向天穹 ,苍空支离破碎。星辰流离失所,月亮零落于凄冷夜空的裂隙之间。绝望的黄帝四处寻找补天之人。万幸他的追寻并非徒然。东海上升起了女神女娲 ,她冠似角,尾如龙,甲胄灿如烈焰。她以魔法熔炉冶炼五色彩虹,补全了中国的天空。据说女娲遗漏了苍穹中的两处小隙,于是便有了爱的二元论——两个魂灵在天地间永无止息地游荡,直至它们交合以完整这宇宙。每个人都必须重构自己希望与安宁的天空。

The Taoists relate that at the great beginning of the No-Beginning, Spirit and Matter met in mortal combat. At last the Yellow Emperor, the Sun of Heaven, triumphed over Shuhyung, the demon of darkness and earth. The Titan, in his death agony, struck his head against the solar vault and shivered the blue dome of jade into fragments. The stars lost their nests, the moon wandered aimlessly among the wild chasms of the night. In despair the Yellow Emperor sought far and wide for the repairer of the Heavens. He had not to search in vain. Out of the Eastern sea rose a queen, the divine Niuka, horn-crowned and dragon-tailed, resplendent in her armor of fire. She welded the five-colored rainbow in her magic cauldron and rebuilt the Chinese sky. But it is told that Niuka forgot to fill two tiny crevices in the blue firmament. Thus began the dualism of love--two souls rolling through space and never at rest until they join together to complete the universe. Everyone has to build anew his sky of hope and peace.

现代人类的天空破碎于如独眼巨人般争权夺利的斗争。世界在自我中心和庸俗的阴影下摸索前行。以知识掩饰无良,为功利托名慈善 。东西方宛如翻腾于惊涛骇浪中的两只巨龙,徒劳地为重获生命的宝石而争斗。我们需要一位再世女娲来修补这巨大的崩坏,我们期盼这伟大的降凡。与此同时,让我们浅啜一口清茗吧。午后的阳光辉耀着竹林,泉水欢快地涌动,飒飒松籁在茶釜中回响。让我们且在幻梦中梦想,在人间这美妙的傻事中流连吧。

The heaven of modern humanity is indeed shattered in the Cyclopean struggle for wealth and power. The world is groping in the shadow of egotism and vulgarity. Knowledge is bought through a bad conscience, benevolence practiced for the sake of utility. The East and the West, like two dragons tossed in a sea of ferment, in vain strive to regain the jewel of life. We need a Niuka again to repair the grand devastation; we await the great Avatar. Meanwhile, let us have a sip of tea. The afternoon glow is brightening the bamboos, the fountains are bubbling with delight, the soughing of the pines is heard in our kettle. Let us dream of evanescence, and linger in the beautiful foolishness of things.


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